Latin America and the Global South: Navigating a Fragmented International Order
Latin America’s relationship with the West has always been marked by a unique tension, a position often described as ”the other West” – a distinct civilization forged from a complex interplay of Western influence, indigenous heritage, and a past experience of periphery status (Malacaza, p. 48).This distinct identity has, in turn, shaped the region’s diplomatic traditions, manifesting in a multifaceted approach to the international order. these traditions encompass a commitment to “liberal internationalism” prioritizing human rights and democracy, a staunch defense of “republican internationalism” centered on state sovereignty, and a proactive “developmental internationalism” aimed at reducing North-South inequalities and fostering economic welfare. More recently, a “transnationalism” focused on social, gender, interracial, and environmental justice has gained prominence (p. 51).
A defining characteristic of Latin America is its relative peace. Actis and Oelsner highlight the region’s consistent record as a “zone of peace” in terms of interstate conflict. This has fostered a willingness to embrace innovative foreign policy strategies, including hedging - maintaining a strategic commitment to the United States while simultaneously deepening economic ties with China and diversifying diplomatic relationships (Actis, p. 72). oelsner further argues that the world should actively seek and value Latin America’s expertise in peaceful conflict resolution (p. 104).
Beyond conflict avoidance, Latin America actively contributes to the international order through South-South Cooperation (SSC). Brun and Yamin point to the significant SSC initiatives undertaken by countries like Brazil, Cuba, and Venezuela, alongside a robust academic community dedicated to conceptualizing and monitoring these efforts (pp. 136-37). The region also holds considerable potential in addressing global challenges, notably regarding climate change. its rich reserves of critical minerals like lithium and copper, coupled with a relatively clean energy matrix, position it as a key player. Brazil’s hosting of COP30 in Belém do Pará represents a crucial chance for Latin American and Global South leadership on the climate agenda (pp. 171-73).
However, the region’s economic prospects remain uncertain. Zelicovich notes that while intra-regional trade and trade with the Global South demonstrate greater export diversification than trade with Northern economies, Latin America’s overall share of global trade remains limited and stagnant.This stagnation is compounded by restrictive monetary policies, ongoing global conflicts, and the escalating impacts of climate change (p.123).
The current international landscape, characterized by intensifying geopolitical fragmentation driven by US-China rivalry, presents a significant challenge. This dynamic risks a “geopolitical recession” and a zero-sum mentality, hindering the Global South’s ability to collectively shape its future (p. 75). The success of Latin America’s foreign policy strategies in this volatile context remains to be seen.
Despite the potential for strengthened South-South engagement to enhance agency, the region currently faces a “tired utopia.” Economic and social crises, de-industrialization, and the widening digital divide undermine its customary role as a champion of advancement and advocate against economic asymmetries. The core challenge for Latin America lies in identifying enduring incentives for building robust intra-South relationships and coordinating efforts.Without such incentives, the region risks exacerbating the fragmenting dynamics that have historically hindered the development of the Global South.
this book offers a vital contribution to understanding the complex role of Latin America within the Global South. It is indeed essential reading for scholars, students, and policymakers interested in these critical issues.While acknowledging the ongoing complexities surrounding the concept of the Global South, the work illuminates Latin America’s unique position and its often-underestimated contributions to both academic discourse and political debate. A wider readership would undoubtedly benefit from this insightful analysis, making an English translation highly desirable.
Worth a look