The digital blackout that descended upon Uganda in the days surrounding its January 14th presidential and parliamentary elections is a stark reminder of a growing trend: governments intentionally disrupting internet access to control information flow during periods of political sensitivity. For journalists on the ground, these shutdowns present formidable challenges, forcing them to adapt quickly and rely on methods that feel increasingly antiquated in the 21st century. The recent elections, where incumbent Yoweri Museveni secured a seventh term, highlighted the precarious position of independent media in an environment where access to information is deliberately curtailed.
The internet shutdown, which began on January 13th, two days before the election, wasn’t unexpected. Similar measures were taken during the 2016 and 2021 elections, demonstrating a pattern of government response to potential unrest or challenges to the ruling regime. While, preparation doesn’t lessen the impact. The sudden loss of connectivity created a sense of isolation, hindering not only the ability to report and disseminate news but similarly to maintain contact with family and colleagues outside the country. This deliberate constriction of communication channels underscores the critical role the internet plays in modern democratic processes and the vulnerability of those processes when that access is removed.
Navigating a Disconnected Landscape
Reporting from a country experiencing an internet shutdown requires a return to fundamental journalistic practices. The reliance on digital tools for research, communication, and filing stories is immediately eliminated, forcing reporters to rely on more traditional methods. One strategy employed by journalists in Kampala was seeking out internet access in hotels known to cater to government officials and foreign dignitaries, hoping these locations would maintain connectivity. This approach, however, came with a degree of risk, as a visible foreign journalist seeking internet access could attract unwanted attention. The atmosphere was one of heightened surveillance, and the potential for intimidation loomed large.
The days surrounding the election were marked by an eerie quiet. Typically bustling streets were subdued, with armored vehicles patrolling areas usually filled with vendors and pedestrians. The usual chorus of greetings and religious sermons was replaced by an unsettling silence, broken only by the sounds of nature. Journalists, equipped with notebooks and pens, moved through the city, documenting observations and gathering quotes, relying on face-to-face interviews and a network of trusted sources. The process was significantly slower and more laborious than the instantaneous reporting enabled by the internet, but it was the only viable option.
Collaboration among journalists became crucial. Sharing information, tips on potential internet access points, and ensuring each other’s safety were paramount. The sense of solidarity provided a much-needed boost in a challenging environment. However, even with mutual support, the lack of reliable communication made verifying information incredibly tricky. Rumors of arrests and violence circulated, but without the ability to access social media or independent news sources, confirming these reports proved nearly impossible.
The Challenge of Verification and the Shadow of Disinformation
The absence of the internet created a fertile ground for disinformation. Without the ability to cross-reference information from multiple sources, journalists were forced to rely on limited channels and personal contacts. When opposition candidate Robert Kyagulanyi, known as Bobi Wine, claimed he had been abducted by the military, verifying the claim became a complex undertaking. Initial reports suggested an abduction via helicopter, but the story quickly evolved, with Wine later stating his home had been raided and he had gone into hiding. Reuters reported on the raid of Bobi Wine’s home on January 14th, 2021, a similar tactic employed in previous elections. The lack of independent verification left journalists struggling to determine the truth, highlighting the critical role of the internet in combating the spread of false information.
The Ugandan government’s rationale for the internet shutdown, as articulated by Uganda Communications Commission Executive Director George William Nyombi Thembo, centered on the idea of “freedom comes with responsibility.” According to Reuters, this justification echoes previous statements made by the government regarding the need to maintain order and prevent the spread of misinformation. However, critics argue that such measures are used to suppress dissent and limit freedom of expression.
Museveni’s Continued Rule and the Future of Digital Rights
On January 17th, two days after the vote, Yoweri Museveni was declared the winner, securing a seventh term in office. The election results were met with skepticism by the opposition, who alleged widespread irregularities. The return of internet access the following day did little to alleviate concerns about the fairness of the election or the government’s commitment to protecting digital rights. While connectivity was restored, social media platforms remained restricted, limiting the ability of citizens to freely express their opinions and share information.
The Ugandan experience is not isolated. Internet shutdowns are becoming increasingly common around the world, particularly during times of political unrest or elections. As reported by The Christian Science Monitor, the frequency of these shutdowns is growing, with 296 recorded in 54 countries in 2024. This trend poses a significant threat to freedom of expression, access to information, and the ability of journalists to hold power accountable.
The situation in Uganda underscores the need for greater international pressure on governments to respect digital rights and refrain from using internet shutdowns as a tool of political control. It also highlights the importance of supporting independent media organizations and journalists who are working to report the truth in challenging environments. The ability to access and share information freely is essential for a functioning democracy, and protecting that right requires a concerted effort from governments, civil society organizations, and the international community.
Looking ahead, the Ugandan government’s continued restrictions on social media and its history of internet shutdowns suggest that these tactics may be employed again in future elections. The long-term impact of these measures on the country’s democratic development remains to be seen. The next key event to watch will be any potential legal challenges to the election results and the government’s response to any further protests or demonstrations.
What are your thoughts on the increasing trend of internet shutdowns around the world? Share your comments below and let us know how you think the international community should respond.