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The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to considerably increase global water consumption, raising concerns about sustainability and resource management. A recent report by Xylem and global Water Intelligence estimates that AI could drive up global water use by 30 trillion liters by 2050. Xylem’s report highlights the frequently enough-overlooked water demands of the AI industry, extending beyond the commonly cited impact of data centers.
Where the Water Goes
While data centers are a component of the problem, they account for a smaller portion of the overall water usage. The majority of water consumption related to AI stems from two primary sources: electricity generation and semiconductor manufacturing. Over half of the water demand is linked to powering the energy-intensive processes required to run AI models. The remaining considerable portion is used in the complex fabrication of computer chips, essential for AI hardware. Global Water Intelligence details how the water intensity of chip manufacturing is a major driver of this demand.
The scale of the problem: A Projected 129% Increase
Projections indicate a substantial increase in water demand for the AI industry. By 2050, the total water needed is expected to rise by 129% compared to current levels. The World Economic Forum emphasizes that this growth is unsustainable without notable intervention and innovation.
Geographic Concerns and Vulnerable Regions
A critical issue is the location of many data centers and AI infrastructure projects. Approximately 40% of data centers are currently situated in areas already experiencing water stress. Brookings reports that continued growth in these water-scarce regions could exacerbate existing challenges and create competition for water resources between tech companies and local communities. This is particularly concerning in regions like the Southwestern United States, parts of India, and the Middle East.
Mitigation Strategies and Potential Solutions
Addressing the water footprint of AI requires a multi-faceted approach. Key strategies include:
- Water Recycling and Reuse: Implementing closed-loop cooling systems and wastewater treatment technologies in data centers to minimize freshwater consumption.
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