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Universal Module Definition (UMD)

UMD aims to be compatible with both commonjs ​and AMD, providing a single module format that ⁤works across different environments.

Approach: Detects the habitat and uses ⁢the appropriate⁤ module loading‌ mechanism.
Adaptability: Offers the widest compatibility, but can be slightly more⁤ complex to implement.

ECMAScript ‌Modules (ESM)

The ⁤official standardized module system for JavaScript, introduced with ES6 (ES2015).ESM uses‌ static analysis to determine dependencies, enabling efficient loading and optimization. Syntax: import and export keywords.
Browser Support: Increasingly well-supported ⁣in modern browsers.
Tooling: Requires a module bundler like Webpack, Parcel, or Rollup for older browsers.

Dependencies: Modules frequently enough rely on other modules to function correctly. Module loaders handle resolving and loading⁢ these dependencies.
Resolution: The process of finding the correct module file based ⁤on ‌its identifier.
Loading: Fetching the module code and ⁣making it available to your application.
Execution: Running the module code and making its exports accessible.

While ‍the module formats define how code​ is structured, loaders and bundlers are the tools that implement that structure.

Webpack: A powerful and highly configurable module bundler. It can handle various module formats and perform optimizations like‍ code splitting and minification.
Parcel: A zero-configuration bundler ‌that's easy to use and provides fast build times.
Rollup: Focused on ‌creating