China’s Expanding Influence: A Five-Year Retrospective on the belt and Road Initiative and Beyond
Five years ago, assessments of China’s growing global influence were largely speculative. Now, with a clearer picture emerging from the implementation of the belt and road Initiative (BRI) and shifts in the international landscape, it’s time to revisit those initial observations. This analysis examines how china’s strategies have evolved, the impact of the BRI on Southeast Asia, and the potential for a reshaping of global power dynamics.
The Evolving BRI and Southeast Asian Perceptions
The belt and Road initiative, launched in 2013, remains central to understanding China’s expanding reach. Initially framed as a purely economic project, the BRI has demonstrably become a multifaceted tool for projecting influence.
However, China hasn’t adopted a one-size-fits-all approach. It demonstrably adapts its strategies to each country, responding to local needs and concerns. This versatility is key to understanding its success.
southeast Asian nations, such as, have experienced a complex mix of perceived benefits and drawbacks from the BRI. Infrastructure advancement, increased trade, and investment are frequently enough cited as positives. Yet, concerns regarding debt sustainability, transparency, and potential geopolitical implications remain. You’ll find detailed analysis of these impacts here.
This dynamic reflects the double-edged nature of interdependence. Interdependence can foster win-win cooperation,but it also carries the risk of coercion - a concept known as “weaponized interdependence.” China’s actions frequently enough navigate this delicate balance, co-opting opportunities while simultaneously asserting its interests.
The Shifting Global Landscape and the Rise of a “Post-Liberal” Soft Power
Interestingly, the perceived decline of the United States as a consistent global leader has inadvertently benefited China. The “America First” policy under the Trump administration eroded trust in the U.S. as a stable and reliable partner. This created space for China to present itself as an alternative,particularly in areas where the U.S. has retreated.
Recent data shows a decline in America’s global reputation https://www.ipsos.com/en/americas-reputation-drops-across-the-world. This shift doesn’t necessarily equate to widespread endorsement of china, but it does highlight a growing openness to alternative models of international engagement.
This evolving context may be contributing to the emergence of a “post-liberal” understanding of soft power. Traditional soft power, rooted in the promotion of liberal values, is giving way to a more pragmatic approach focused on economic benefits and shared interests.This new form of soft power prioritizes tangible outcomes over ideological alignment. You can explore this concept further here.
China’s Gains and remaining Uncertainties
China has undeniably amassed important resources – both economic and diplomatic – over the past five years. Its economic growth continues, and its influence in international organizations is expanding.
Though, challenges are also mounting. Domestic economic headwinds,demographic shifts,and geopolitical tensions pose significant hurdles. Asiasociety.org highlights these challenges and China’s evolving economic priorities https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/chinas-next-move-economic-priorities-and-policy-shifts-2026.
Despite these challenges, Beijing remains focused on “testing the boundaries between attraction and inducement.” Its primary motivations, however, remain fundamentally economic, driven by domestic interests. Research from MIT supports this view, emphasizing the prioritization of internal stability and growth [https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/50/1/46/132729/What-Does-China-Want](https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/5
